{"id":482,"date":"2026-02-18T05:22:02","date_gmt":"2026-02-18T05:22:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nutrelino.com\/blog\/?p=482"},"modified":"2026-02-20T08:47:02","modified_gmt":"2026-02-20T08:47:02","slug":"sacharidy-jsou-zle-a-inzulin-jeste-horsi-opravdu-je-keto-a-low-carb-skutecne-zazrak-nebo-jen-dobre-prodany-mytus","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nutrelino.com\/blog\/cs\/sacharidy-jsou-zle-a-inzulin-jeste-horsi-opravdu-je-keto-a-low-carb-skutecne-zazrak-nebo-jen-dobre-prodany-mytus\/","title":{"rendered":"\u201eSacharidy jsou zl\u00e9 a inzul\u00edn je\u0161t\u011b hor\u0161\u00ed.\u201c Opravdu? Je keto a low carb skute\u010dn\u011b z\u00e1zrak, nebo jen dob\u0159e prodan\u00fd m\u00fdtus?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm stra\u0161\u00e1kem sou\u010dasnosti se staly sacharidy a inzul\u00edn. A to nejen z pohledu hubnut\u00ed, ale i zdrav\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u201eV\u017edy\u0165 na to existuj\u00ed studie\u2026\u201c Ano. A z\u00e1rove\u0148 ne.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Probl\u00e9m nen\u00ed v tom, \u017ee by v\u00fdzkum neexistoval. Probl\u00e9m je v tom, jak se \u010dte a jak se interpretuje.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>P\u0159i hodnocen\u00ed studi\u00ed je pot\u0159eba vn\u00edmat kontext:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Mnoh\u00e9 byly realizov\u00e1ny na ob\u00e9zn\u00edch lidech, kte\u0159\u00ed u\u017e maj\u00ed v\u00edce metabolick\u00fdch probl\u00e9m\u016f. Inzul\u00ednov\u00e1 rezistence je u nich \u010dasto d\u016fsledkem obezity, ne jej\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou. Takov\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky nelze automaticky p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161et na zdrav\u00e9ho \u010dlov\u011bka.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u010casto jde o studie na lidech s cukrovkou, kde je inzul\u00ednov\u00e1 senzitivita u\u017e naru\u0161en\u00e1. To op\u011bt nen\u00ed model zdrav\u00e9ho metabolismu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>N\u011bkter\u00e9 v\u00fdzkumy jsou star\u00e9 nebo metodologicky slab\u00e9.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ne v\u017edy byl sledov\u00e1n zdravotn\u00ed stav \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk\u016f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mnoh\u00e9 zkoumaly vztah sacharidy \u2013 inzul\u00edn \u2013 obezita p\u0159i konzumaci ultra-zpracovan\u00fdch potravin pln\u00fdch soli, rafinovan\u00e9ho cukru, nasycen\u00fdch tuk\u016f a aditiv\u2026 ani\u017e by tyto faktory jasn\u011b odd\u011blily.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>N\u011bkter\u00e9 studie trvaly p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 kr\u00e1tce nebo ignorovaly roli b\u00edlkovin.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Jin\u00e9 byly realizov\u00e1ny in vitro nebo na zv\u00ed\u0159atech.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A ano, existuj\u00ed i v\u00fdzkumy financovan\u00e9 \u00fa\u010delov\u011b.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Pak sta\u010d\u00ed, aby n\u011bkdo jemn\u011b vytrhl fakta z kontextu, n\u011bco zv\u00fdraznil, n\u011bco \u201epozapomn\u011bl\u201c a najednou m\u00e1me vin\u00edka. Sacharidy. Inzul\u00edn. \u201eMetabolismus.\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u00edsto toho, abychom se pod\u00edvali na vlastn\u00ed \u017eivotn\u00ed styl.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-background\" style=\"background-color:#fff0e4\"><strong>Existuje tedy d\u016fkaz, \u017ee low carb nebo keto je nejlep\u0161\u00ed dieta pro v\u0161echny?<\/strong><br><br><strong>Ne.<\/strong><br><br><strong>Neexistuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 kvalitn\u00ed evidence, kter\u00e1 by dokazovala, \u017ee n\u00edzkosacharidov\u00e1 nebo ketogenn\u00ed dieta je univerz\u00e1ln\u011b nejlep\u0161\u00ed pro ka\u017ed\u00e9ho.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Na co je pot\u0159eba se zam\u011b\u0159it, <strong>jsou nov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed randomizovan\u00e9 kontrolovan\u00e9 studie a metaanal\u00fdzy realizovan\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edmo na lidech<\/strong>. \u010c\u00edm v\u00edce \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk\u016f, \u010d\u00edm del\u0161\u00ed sledov\u00e1n\u00ed a \u010d\u00edm p\u0159esn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed metodika, t\u00edm relevantn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1v\u011br.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A hlavn\u011b hodnotit informace jako celek, ne vyb\u00edrat si jen to, co podporuje n\u00e1\u0161 n\u00e1zor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku vych\u00e1z\u00edme pr\u00e1v\u011b z takto kvalitn\u00edch dat. Ta ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee low carb a keto nejsou pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 pro zdrav\u00e9 lidi. Mohou m\u00edt v\u00fdznam u konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch diagn\u00f3z nebo prok\u00e1zan\u00e9 inzul\u00ednov\u00e9 rezistence, kde na to existuj\u00ed d\u016fkazy. Ale ne jako univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Teorie vs. realita<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Nep\u016fjdeme do biochemick\u00fdch detail\u016f ka\u017ed\u00e9ho enzymu. V\u011bt\u0161ina \u010dten\u00e1\u0159\u016f by to nedo\u010detla a vytrhla by si z toho jen polovinu v\u011bty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vysv\u011btl\u00edme si z\u00e1klad:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>co je inzul\u00edn,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>co jsou sacharidy,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>jak\u00e9 funkce v t\u011ble pln\u00ed,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>a co \u0159\u00edkaj\u00ed re\u00e1ln\u00e1 data z dlouhodob\u00fdch studi\u00ed na lidech.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Kdy\u017e jde\u0161 s autem do servisu, nepot\u0159ebuje\u0161 rozum\u011bt ka\u017ed\u00e9mu detailu motoru. Pot\u0159ebuje\u0161 v\u011bd\u011bt, co se pokazilo, pro\u010d a jak to vy\u0159e\u0161it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>P\u0159esn\u011b tak budeme postupovat i tady.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Jedno d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 up\u0159esn\u011bn\u00ed<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Keto a low carb nejsou \u201e\u0161patn\u00e9\u201c. Jsou vhodn\u00e9 pro ur\u010dit\u00e9 skupiny lid\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na p\u0159i konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch zdravotn\u00edch diagn\u00f3z\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Probl\u00e9m je, \u017ee t\u011bchto lid\u00ed je v\u00fdrazn\u011b m\u00e9n\u011b, ne\u017e si mnoz\u00ed mysl\u00ed. Odhadem 70 &#8211; 80 % lid\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed se pova\u017euj\u00ed za kandid\u00e1ty na keto, do t\u00e9to skupiny ve skute\u010dnosti nepat\u0159\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Low carb m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt dobr\u00fd n\u00e1stroj. Ale pouze tehdy, kdy\u017e je pou\u017eit tam, kde d\u00e1v\u00e1 smysl.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-background\" style=\"background-color:#fff0e4\"><strong>To, co \u0161kod\u00ed, nejsou sacharidy.<\/strong><br><br><strong>To je agresivn\u00ed prosazov\u00e1n\u00ed extr\u00e9m\u016f, vytrh\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed fakt\u016f z kontextu a marketing postaven\u00fd na strachu.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u010cl\u00e1nek je del\u0161\u00ed. Ale t\u00e9ma si to vy\u017eaduje.<\/strong><br><strong>Tak si p\u0159iprav k\u00e1vu nebo \u010daj a poj\u010fme se pod\u00edvat na fakta.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Inzul\u00edn<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Inzul\u00edn je hormon produkovan\u00fd slinivkou b\u0159i\u0161n\u00ed. Jeho \u00fakolem nen\u00ed \u201ed\u011blat tuk\u201c, ale \u0159\u00eddit tok energie v t\u011ble.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mezi jeho hlavn\u00ed funkce pat\u0159\u00ed:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>transport \u017eivin do bun\u011bk (j\u00e1tra, svaly a dal\u0161\u00ed tk\u00e1n\u011b),<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>umo\u017en\u011bn\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed gluk\u00f3zy jako zdroje energie,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>ukl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed nadbyte\u010dn\u011b p\u0159ijat\u00e9 energie (kcal) do z\u00e1sob,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>regulace metabolismu sacharid\u016f, tuk\u016f i b\u00edlkovin.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Gluk\u00f3za<\/strong> je jednoduch\u00fd monosacharid (hroznov\u00fd cukr). Rychle se vst\u0159eb\u00e1v\u00e1 a m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt okam\u017eit\u011b vyu\u017eita jako palivo. Pokud ji t\u011blo pr\u00e1v\u011b nepot\u0159ebuje, ulo\u017e\u00ed se ve form\u011b <strong>glykogenu<\/strong> v j\u00e1trech a svalech.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>B\u011bhem pohybu se svalov\u00fd <strong>glykogen<\/strong> p\u0159em\u011b\u0148uje zp\u011bt na gluk\u00f3zu, kterou vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed svalov\u00e1 vl\u00e1kna. Jatern\u00ed glykogen se m\u011bn\u00ed na gluk\u00f3zu a uvol\u0148uje se do krve, aby se udr\u017eela stabiln\u00ed hladina krevn\u00edho cukru. Tato gluk\u00f3za je z\u00e1rove\u0148 kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdm zdrojem energie pro mozek, v klidu i p\u0159i z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ei.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Bez inzul\u00ednu by t\u011blo nedok\u00e1zalo efektivn\u011b ukl\u00e1dat gluk\u00f3zu do sval\u016f a jater. Inzul\u00edn z\u00e1rove\u0148 umo\u017e\u0148uje, aby se sacharidy prim\u00e1rn\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edvaly jako palivo, \u010d\u00edm\u017e \u0161et\u0159\u00ed tuky a b\u00edlkoviny, kter\u00e9 t\u011blo pot\u0159ebuje pro stavbu a opravu tk\u00e1n\u00ed \u010di tvorbu enzym\u016f a hormon\u016f.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-background\" style=\"background-color:#fff0e4\"><strong>D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9: inzul\u00edn nestoup\u00e1 pouze po konzumaci sacharid\u016f. Zvy\u0161uj\u00ed ho tak\u00e9 b\u00edlkoviny a do ur\u010dit\u00e9 m\u00edry i tuky. Proto d\u00e9monizovat v\u00fdhradn\u011b sacharidy ned\u00e1v\u00e1 biologick\u00fd smysl.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Samotn\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed vyprodukovan\u00e9ho inzul\u00ednu neur\u010duje, kolik tuku si ulo\u017e\u00ed\u0161. O ukl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed tuku rozhoduje p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm nadbyte\u010dn\u011b p\u0159ijat\u00e1 energie.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Inzul\u00edn reaguje na stravu i \u017eivotn\u00ed styl. Je pro n\u00e1s \u017eivotn\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd &#8211; lid\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed ho neprodukuj\u00ed (nap\u0159. p\u0159i diabetu 1. typu), si ho mus\u00ed dod\u00e1vat extern\u011b. Z pohledu zdrav\u00ed ani t\u011blesn\u00e9 kompozice nen\u00ed \u201edobr\u00fd\u201c ani \u201e\u0161patn\u00fd\u201c. Je to regula\u010dn\u00ed hormon s kl\u00ed\u010dovou funkc\u00ed pro p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Inzulinov\u00e1 senzitivita a rezistence<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Inzulinov\u00e1 senzitivita vyjad\u0159uje<\/strong>, kolik inzulinu je pot\u0159eba ke zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed gluk\u00f3zy. \u010c\u00edm vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed citlivost, t\u00edm m\u00e9n\u011b inzulinu sta\u010d\u00ed ke stejn\u00e9mu efektu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>P\u0159i inzulinov\u00e9 rezistenci mus\u00ed slinivka produkovat v\u00edce inzulinu, aby dos\u00e1hla stejn\u00e9ho \u00fa\u010dinku.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nej\u010dast\u011bji se s n\u00ed setk\u00e1v\u00e1me p\u0159i:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Diabetu 1. typu<\/strong> &#8211; autoimunitn\u00edm onemocn\u011bn\u00ed, p\u0159i kter\u00e9m imunitn\u00ed syst\u00e9m zni\u010d\u00ed bu\u0148ky produkuj\u00edc\u00ed inzulin. \u010casto je diagnostikov\u00e1n u mlad\u00fdch lid\u00ed a nemus\u00ed souviset s nadv\u00e1hou.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Diabetu 2. typu<\/strong> &#8211; nej\u010dast\u011bji souvis\u00ed s nadv\u00e1hou, obezitou a dlouhodob\u011b nevhodn\u00fdm \u017eivotn\u00edm stylem. T\u011blo se st\u00e1v\u00e1 m\u00e9n\u011b citliv\u00e9 na inzulin a slinivka ho produkuje v\u00edce, aby udr\u017eela norm\u00e1ln\u00ed hladinu gluk\u00f3zy v krvi. Po letech nadprodukce m\u016f\u017ee doj\u00edt k vy\u010derp\u00e1n\u00ed slinivky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-background\" style=\"background-color:#fff0e4\"><strong>V mnoha p\u0159\u00edpadech je kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdm krokem redukce t\u011blesn\u00e9ho tuku a \u00faprava \u017eivotn\u00edho stylu &#8211; nikoli automatick\u00e9 nasazen\u00ed extr\u00e9mn\u00ed low carb diety.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mezi vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm procentem t\u011blesn\u00e9ho tuku a inzulinovou rezistenc\u00ed existuje siln\u00e1 souvislost. \u0158e\u0161en\u00edm je prim\u00e1rn\u011b sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed tuku, ne d\u00e9monizov\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho makronutrientu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Sacharidy<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Sacharidy jsou d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm a z\u00e1rove\u0148 nejdostupn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm zdrojem energie pro lidsk\u00e9 t\u011blo.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>P\u0159i vyv\u00e1\u017een\u00e9m stravov\u00e1n\u00ed by m\u011bly tvo\u0159it p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 40 &#8211; 60 % celkov\u00e9ho energetick\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edjmu. Z tohoto mno\u017estv\u00ed by v\u011bt\u0161inu (cca 75 %) m\u011bly zaji\u0161\u0165ovat polysacharidy, tedy komplexn\u00ed sacharidy. Zbytek p\u0159ipad\u00e1 na mono- a oligosacharidy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Pro\u010d jsou sacharidy d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ne proto, \u017ee \u201eto \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 v\u00fd\u017eivov\u00e1 pyramida\u201c, ale proto, \u017ee maj\u00ed konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed <strong>fyziologick\u00e9 funkce<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>jsou hlavn\u00edm zdrojem energie pro t\u011blo, mozek, k\u016fru nadledvin, kostern\u00ed svalstvo a dal\u0161\u00ed nervov\u00e9 tk\u00e1n\u011b,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>udr\u017euj\u00ed stabiln\u00ed hladinu gluk\u00f3zy v krvi, kterou nezbytn\u011b pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed i \u010derven\u00e9 krvinky (ty bez gluk\u00f3zy nep\u0159e\u017eij\u00ed),<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0161et\u0159\u00ed b\u00edlkoviny &#8211; br\u00e1n\u00ed tomu, aby t\u011blo rozkl\u00e1dalo vlastn\u00ed proteiny na energii,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>ve form\u011b vl\u00e1kniny podporuj\u00ed tr\u00e1ven\u00ed, st\u0159evn\u00ed mikrofl\u00f3ru a celkov\u00e9 zdrav\u00ed tr\u00e1vic\u00edho traktu,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>jsou kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 pro funkci mozku, proto\u017ee dosp\u011bl\u00fd mozek spot\u0159ebuje p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 120 g gluk\u00f3zy denn\u011b.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Dlouhodob\u00fd nedostatek sacharid\u016f se m\u016f\u017ee projevit \u00fanavou, sn\u00ed\u017eenou v\u00fdkonnost\u00ed, hor\u0161\u00ed regenerac\u00ed, poruchami tr\u00e1ven\u00ed, podr\u00e1\u017ed\u011bnost\u00ed, zhor\u0161enou koncentrac\u00ed \u010di oslabenou imunitou.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sacharidy tedy nejsou \u201enep\u0159\u00edtel\u201c. Jsou z\u00e1kladn\u00ed palivo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Hlavn\u00ed d\u011blen\u00ed sacharid\u016f<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Sacharidy d\u011bl\u00edme podle jejich chemick\u00e9 struktury:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Monosacharidy<\/strong><br>Jednoduch\u00e9 cukry, kter\u00e9 se rychle vst\u0159eb\u00e1vaj\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pat\u0159\u00ed sem nap\u0159\u00edklad:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>gluk\u00f3za (hroznov\u00fd cukr),<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>frukt\u00f3za (ovocn\u00fd cukr).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Oligosacharidy<\/strong><br>Slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed struktury tvo\u0159en\u00e9 n\u011bkolika cukern\u00fdmi jednotkami.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0158ad\u00edme sem:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>disacharidy &#8211; sachar\u00f3za (\u0159epn\u00fd cukr), lakt\u00f3za (ml\u00e9\u010dn\u00fd cukr), malt\u00f3za (sladov\u00fd cukr),<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>trisacharidy &#8211; nap\u0159\u00edklad rafin\u00f3za,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>n\u011bkter\u00e9 oligosacharidy &#8211; nap\u0159\u00edklad inulin.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Polysacharidy<\/strong><br>Komplexn\u00ed sacharidy, kter\u00e9 by m\u011bly tvo\u0159it hlavn\u00ed zdroj energie ve strav\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pat\u0159\u00ed sem:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0161krob,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>celul\u00f3za (nestraviteln\u00e1 vl\u00e1knina),<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>pektiny,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>inulin,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>a dal\u0161\u00ed komplexn\u00ed formy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Tyto sacharidy se vst\u0159eb\u00e1vaj\u00ed pomaleji, \u010dasto obsahuj\u00ed v\u00edce vl\u00e1kniny a vedou k del\u0161\u00edmu pocitu sytosti. <strong>Pr\u00e1v\u011b komplexn\u00ed zdroje (obiloviny, lu\u0161t\u011bniny, brambory, r\u00fd\u017ee, zelenina, ovoce) by m\u011bly tvo\u0159it z\u00e1klad p\u0159\u00edjmu sacharid\u016f, nikoli ultra-zpracovan\u00e9 v\u00fdrobky, jak tomu v realit\u011b \u010dasto je.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>M\u00e1 n\u00edzkosacharidov\u00e1 dieta v\u016fbec definici?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Neexistuje jednotn\u00e1, ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed definice low carb diety. Ka\u017ed\u00fd si pod t\u00edm p\u0159edstavuje n\u011bco trochu jin\u00e9ho. V praxi se v\u0161ak nej\u010dast\u011bji setk\u00e1v\u00e1me se \u010dty\u0159mi p\u0159\u00edstupy:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>M\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e 50 g sacharid\u016f denn\u011b<\/strong><br>V\u011bt\u0161ina v\u00fdzkum\u016f u\u017e tento p\u0159\u00edjem klasifikuje jako ketogenn\u00ed dietu. Ta byla p\u016fvodn\u011b vyvinuta pro l\u00e9\u010dbu neurologick\u00fdch onemocn\u011bn\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na epilepsie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>M\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e 150 g sacharid\u016f denn\u011b<\/strong><br>N\u011bkter\u00fdm lidem takov\u00fd p\u0159\u00edjem subjektivn\u011b vyhovuje, jin\u00ed se p\u0159i n\u011bm nec\u00edt\u00ed dob\u0159e. M\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt vhodn\u00fd pro osoby, kter\u00e9 na z\u00e1klad\u011b doporu\u010den\u00ed l\u00e9ka\u0159e pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed sn\u00ed\u017eit p\u0159\u00edjem sacharid\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>M\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e 250 g sacharid\u016f denn\u011b<\/strong><br>Pro \u010d\u00e1st komunity to u\u017e \u201enen\u00ed dost low carb\u201c. Z hlediska v\u00fdkonu a regenerace v\u0161ak takov\u00fd p\u0159\u00edjem obvykle nep\u0159edstavuje probl\u00e9m. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 nep\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed specifick\u00e9 v\u00fdhody pro osoby s diagnostikovanou inzulinovou rezistenc\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cyklick\u00e9 za\u0159azov\u00e1n\u00ed sacharid\u016f<\/strong><br>Sacharidy se konzumuj\u00ed pouze v ur\u010dit\u00fdch dnech nebo \u010dasech (tzv. cyklick\u00e1 ketogenn\u00ed dieta). Tento p\u0159\u00edstup m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt u\u017eite\u010dn\u00fd pro sportovce nebo pro lidi, kte\u0159\u00ed cht\u011bj\u00ed c\u00edlen\u011b pracovat s t\u011blesnou kompozic\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>T\u00edmto uzav\u00edr\u00e1me teoretickou \u010d\u00e1st definic. Proto\u017ee pr\u00e1v\u011b teorie se \u010dasto vytrhne z kontextu a zjednodu\u0161\u00ed do tvrzen\u00ed, \u017ee \u201eze sacharid\u016f se tloustne\u201c.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-background\" style=\"background-color:#fff0e4\"><strong>\u017d\u00e1dn\u00e1 seri\u00f3zn\u00ed odborn\u00e1 literatura v\u0161ak netvrd\u00ed, \u017ee samotn\u00e9 sacharidy jsou p\u0159\u00edmou p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou p\u0159ib\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>N\u00ed\u017ee se pod\u00edv\u00e1me na konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed studie a jejich re\u00e1ln\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Hubnut\u00ed a zdrav\u00ed &#8211; co \u0159\u00edkaj\u00ed kvalitn\u00ed studie<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Pokud by sacharidy a inzulin byly hlavn\u00edm vin\u00edkem obezity, v\u00fdzkum by to musel jasn\u011b ukazovat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Ale neukazuje.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><br><strong>Metaanal\u00fdza 2020<\/strong><br>BMJ 2020 \u2013 Johnston et al.<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Obrovsk\u00e1 anal\u00fdza 121 randomizovan\u00fdch kontrolovan\u00fdch studi\u00ed s v\u00edce ne\u017e 21 000 \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edky s nadv\u00e1hou a obezitou porovn\u00e1vala 14 r\u016fzn\u00fdch diet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u00fdsledek?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Po 6 m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch m\u011bly <strong>n\u00edzkotu\u010dn\u00e1 i n\u00edzkosacharidov\u00e1 dieta<\/strong> podobn\u00fd efekt na \u00fabytek hmotnosti i sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed krevn\u00edho tlaku.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Po 12 m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch se <strong>rozd\u00edly t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 \u00fapln\u011b vytratily<\/strong> &#8211; a to jak v hmotnosti, tak v kardiovaskul\u00e1rn\u00edch rizikov\u00fdch faktorech.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>DIETFITS (2018) &#8211; jedna z nejkvalitn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch studi\u00ed<\/strong><br>Gardner et al., JAMA 2018<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Randomizovan\u00e1 klinick\u00e1 studie DIETFITS (Diet Intervention Examining The Factors Interacting with Treatment Success).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Studie zahrnovala 609 dosp\u011bl\u00fdch, sledov\u00e1n\u00ed trvalo 12 m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f, strava byla pe\u010dliv\u011b kontrolov\u00e1na a prob\u011bhlo i genetick\u00e9 testov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Porovn\u00e1vala se:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>zdrav\u00e1 n\u00edzkotu\u010dn\u00e1 strava<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>zdrav\u00e1 n\u00edzkosacharidov\u00e1 strava<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>V\u00fdsledek?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u017d\u00e1dn\u00fd v\u00fdznamn\u00fd rozd\u00edl v \u00fabytku hmotnosti.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u017d\u00e1dn\u00fd v\u00fdznamn\u00fd rozd\u00edl v metabolick\u00fdch ukazatel\u00edch.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u017d\u00e1dn\u00fd rozd\u00edl ani podle genetiky \u010di sekrece inzulinu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Ani jeden p\u0159\u00edstup nebyl \u201elep\u0161\u00ed volbou pro ur\u010dit\u00fd typ \u010dlov\u011bka\u201c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>P\u0159\u00edjem sacharid\u016f a \u00famrtnost (2018)<\/strong><br>Seidelmann et al., The Lancet Public Health 2018<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Prospektivn\u00ed kohortov\u00e1 anal\u00fdza + metaanal\u00fdza. Tato anal\u00fdza sledovala 15 428 lid\u00ed po dobu 25 let.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Velmi vysok\u00fd i velmi n\u00edzk\u00fd pod\u00edl sacharid\u016f byl spojen se zv\u00fd\u0161enou \u00famrtnost\u00ed.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed riziko se uk\u00e1zalo p\u0159i p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 50 % energetick\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edjmu ze sacharid\u016f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Evropsk\u00e1 kardiologick\u00e1 spole\u010dnost na tyto v\u00fdsledky reagovala doporu\u010den\u00edm vyh\u00fdbat se extr\u00e9mn\u00edm dlouhodob\u00fdm omezen\u00edm sacharid\u016f u zdrav\u00fdch lid\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Kalorick\u00fd deficit vs. pom\u011br makro\u017eivin<\/strong><br>Metaanal\u00fdza 32 studi\u00ed (2017), Hall &amp; Guo, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2017<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Kontrolovan\u00e9 metabolick\u00e9 studie porovn\u00e1valy n\u00edzkotu\u010dn\u00e9 vs. n\u00edzkosacharidov\u00e9 diety p\u0159i stejn\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edjmu kalori\u00ed a b\u00edlkovin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Opakovan\u011b (u\u017e od 90. let) se v kontrolovan\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch ukazuje:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>O \u00fabytku hmotnosti rozhoduje kalorick\u00fd deficit.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ne pom\u011br sacharid\u016f a tuk\u016f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>U\u017e v roce 1992 byly porovn\u00e1v\u00e1ny izokalorick\u00e9 diety s extr\u00e9mn\u011b rozd\u00edln\u00fdm rozlo\u017een\u00edm makro\u017eivin. V\u00fdznamn\u00e9 rozd\u00edly v energetick\u00e9m v\u00fddeji se nepotvrdily.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Metaanal\u00fdza s p\u0159esn\u011b stanoven\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edjmem kalori\u00ed a b\u00edlkovin uk\u00e1zala minim\u00e1ln\u00ed rozd\u00edly &#8211; dokonce m\u00edrn\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed \u00fabytek tuku p\u0159i n\u00edzkotu\u010dn\u00e9 diet\u011b.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u201eSacharidov\u011b-inzulinov\u00fd model obezity\u201c<\/strong><br>Hall et al., American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2017<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Tento model tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee vysok\u00fd p\u0159\u00edjem sacharid\u016f zvy\u0161uje inzulin, kter\u00fd n\u00e1sledn\u011b \u201euzamyk\u00e1\u201c tuk v tukov\u00fdch bu\u0148k\u00e1ch, sni\u017euje energetick\u00fd v\u00fddej a t\u00edm p\u0159\u00edmo zp\u016fsobuje obezitu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kontrolovan\u00e9 metabolick\u00e9 studie z roku 2017 na hospitalizovan\u00fdch ob\u00e9zn\u00edch pacientech tento p\u0159edpoklad p\u0159\u00edmo testovaly. \u00da\u010dastn\u00edci m\u011bli p\u0159esn\u011b kontrolovan\u00fd p\u0159\u00edjem kalori\u00ed i makro\u017eivin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>V\u00fdsledek?<br>Data nepodpo\u0159ila tvrzen\u00ed, \u017ee samotn\u00e9 sacharidy a inzulin jsou prim\u00e1rn\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou obezity. N\u011bkter\u00e9 kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 mechanismy, na nich\u017e je tento model postaven, se v kontrolovan\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch nepotvrdily a byly ozna\u010deny za experiment\u00e1ln\u011b neudr\u017eiteln\u00e9.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Keto vs. vysokosacharidov\u00e1 strava (2016)<\/strong><br>Hall et al., American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2016<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Kontrolovan\u00e1 metabolick\u00e1 studie na 17 mu\u017e\u00edch s nadv\u00e1hou a obezitou prob\u00edhala v p\u0159\u00edsn\u011b kontrolovan\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed, kde m\u011bli \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edci p\u0159esn\u011b stanoven\u00fd kalorick\u00fd p\u0159\u00edjem i slo\u017een\u00ed stravy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>B\u011bhem 4 t\u00fddn\u016f byla porovn\u00e1v\u00e1na vysokosacharidov\u00e1 strava s ketogenn\u00ed dietou.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>V\u00fdsledky<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Na vysokosacharidov\u00e9 strav\u011b<\/strong> zhubli p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 0,8 kg, z toho asi 0,5 kg tvo\u0159il t\u011blesn\u00fd tuk (zbytek byla voda).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Na <strong>ketogenn\u00ed diet\u011b zhubli<\/strong> p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 1,6 kg, av\u0161ak pouze 0,2 kg tvo\u0159il t\u011blesn\u00fd tuk \u2013 zbytek byl \u00fabytek vody.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Navzdory ni\u017e\u0161\u00edm hladin\u00e1m inzulinu a vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm hladin\u00e1m ketol\u00e1tek b\u011bhem keto diety nebyl \u00fabytek t\u011blesn\u00e9ho tuku vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e p\u0159i vysokosacharidov\u00e9 strav\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Diabetes 2. typu (2015)<\/strong><br>Tay et al., Diabetes Care 2015<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Randomizovan\u00e1 studie porovn\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed n\u00edzkosacharidovou a vysokosacharidovou dietu u pacient\u016f s diabetem 2. typu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ob\u011b diety vedly k \u00fabytku hmotnosti a zlep\u0161en\u00ed glyk\u00e9mie nala\u010dno.<br>Low carb m\u011bla v\u00fdhodu v lipidov\u00e9m profilu a stabilit\u011b glyk\u00e9mie \u2013 \u0161lo v\u0161ak o specifickou populaci.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Shrnut\u00ed nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d des\u00edtkami studi\u00ed<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>P\u0159i dodr\u017een\u00ed kalorick\u00e9ho deficitu:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>n\u00edzkotu\u010dn\u00e1,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>n\u00edzkosacharidov\u00e1,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>i jin\u00e9 vyv\u00e1\u017een\u00e9 diety<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>funguj\u00ed na hubnut\u00ed stejn\u011b \u00fa\u010dinn\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-background\" style=\"background-color:#fff0e4\"><strong>Low carb a keto mohou b\u00fdt prvn\u00ed m\u011bs\u00edce \u201erychlej\u0161\u00ed\u201c na v\u00e1ze, ale jde p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b o ztr\u00e1tu vody, nikoli tuku.<\/strong><br><strong>Po 12 m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch se rozd\u00edly prakticky vyrovn\u00e1vaj\u00ed.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>N\u011bkter\u00e9 studie (nap\u0159. 2006, \u27a1\ufe0f Johnston et al., American Journal of Clinical Nutrition) <strong>dokonce upozor\u0148uj\u00ed na mo\u017en\u00e9 nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e9 metabolick\u00e9 a emocion\u00e1ln\u00ed efekty ketogenn\u00ed diety.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Pokud se na v\u00fdzkum pod\u00edv\u00e1\u0161 bez marketingov\u00e9ho filtru, obraz je pom\u011brn\u011b jasn\u00fd:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\ud83d\udc49\u00a0 Sacharidy samy o sob\u011b nezp\u016fsobuj\u00ed obezitu.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\ud83d\udc49\u00a0 Inzulin nen\u00ed hlavn\u00ed vin\u00edk.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\ud83d\udc49\u00a0 Energetick\u00e1 bilance rozhoduje.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>A co hubnut\u00ed p\u0159i inzulinov\u00e9 rezistenci, nadv\u00e1ze a diabetu?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Tohle je jedna z nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00edch ot\u00e1zek. Plat\u00ed pro lidi s inzulinovou rezistenc\u00ed jin\u00e9 pravidlo? Pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed low carb za ka\u017edou cenu?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tohle je p\u0159esn\u011b ten moment, kdy se debata o sacharidech zjednodu\u0161\u00ed na v\u011btu:<br>\u201eP\u0159i inzulinov\u00e9 rezistenci mus\u00ed\u0161 j\u00edt low carb.\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Jen\u017ee realita je op\u011bt o n\u011bco komplexn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a klidn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Pod\u00edvejme se na data.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Studie z roku 2006<\/strong><br><strong>McAuley et al., 2006, PMID: 16158081<\/strong><br><strong>Kleiner et al., 2006, PMID: 17415320<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V roce 2006 byly publikov\u00e1ny dv\u011b studie, kter\u00e9 zkoumaly:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>dlouhodob\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinky popul\u00e1rn\u00edch stravovac\u00edch p\u0159\u00edstup\u016f na hubnut\u00ed a parametry inzulinov\u00e9 rezistence,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>a tak\u00e9 studii u lid\u00ed s nadv\u00e1hou a zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fdm s\u00e9rov\u00fdm inzulinem nala\u010dno (inzulinov\u00e1 rezistence), kde byli \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edci rozd\u011bleni do dvou skupin:<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>vysokoproteinov\u00e1, n\u00edzkotu\u010dn\u00e1 strava<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>vysokosacharidov\u00e1, n\u00edzkotu\u010dn\u00e1 strava<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u27a1\ufe0f Ob\u011b studie nezjistily v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 rozd\u00edly mezi dietami \u2013 ani z hlediska \u00fabytku hmotnosti, ani z hlediska inzulinu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-background\" style=\"background-color:#fff0e4\"><strong>U vysokoproteinov\u00e9 stravy je v\u0161ak d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 nastaven\u00ed tuk\u016f.<\/strong><br><strong>U vysokosacharidov\u00e9 se doporu\u010duje d\u016fraz na vl\u00e1kninu, n\u00edzk\u00fd glykemick\u00fd index a redukci ultra-zpracovan\u00fdch v\u00fdrobk\u016f.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Studie z roku 2005<\/strong><br><strong>\ud83d\udc49 McAuley et al., 2005 \u2013 American Journal of Clinical Nutrition<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>U\u017e v roce 2005 prob\u011bhla klinick\u00e1 studie na ob\u00e9zn\u00edch \u017een\u00e1ch s inzulinovou rezistenc\u00ed, kter\u00e1 porovn\u00e1vala:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>dietu s vysok\u00fdm obsahem tuk\u016f a b\u00edlkovin<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>dietu s vysok\u00fdm obsahem sacharid\u016f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>V\u00fdsledek?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hmotnost, triglyceridy i inzulin se sn\u00ed\u017eily podobn\u011b v obou skupin\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Pro dosa\u017een\u00ed stejn\u00fdch benefit\u016f v\u0161ak auto\u0159i doporu\u010dili:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>p\u0159i vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00edjmu sacharid\u016f zv\u00fd\u0161it pod\u00edl celozrnn\u00fdch potravin, vl\u00e1kniny, lu\u0161t\u011bnin, zeleniny a ovoce<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>a v\u00fdrazn\u011bji omezit nasycen\u00e9 mastn\u00e9 kyseliny<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>A co zbytek d\u016fkaz\u016f?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Existuje \u0159ada dal\u0161\u00edch studi\u00ed proveden\u00fdch u lid\u00ed s hyperinzulin\u00e9mi\u00ed nebo diabetem 2. typu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Z\u00e1v\u011br se opakuje:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-background\" style=\"background-color:#fff0e4\"><strong>Kalorick\u00e9 omezen\u00ed je pro \u00fabytek hmotnosti rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00edce ne\u017e samotn\u00e9 rozlo\u017een\u00ed makro\u017eivin.<\/strong><br><br><strong>Jin\u00fdmi slovy &#8211; deficit je kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd mechanismus.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee p\u0159i diabetu 2. typu nebo inzulinov\u00e9 rezistenci (kter\u00e9 jsou velmi \u010dasto d\u016fsledkem obezity) nen\u00ed v\u017edy nutn\u00e9 automaticky p\u0159ech\u00e1zet na low carb nebo keto.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u010casto je prim\u00e1rn\u00edm \u0159e\u0161en\u00edm redukce t\u011blesn\u00e9ho tuku a \u00faprava \u017eivotn\u00edho stylu. <\/strong>Po poklesu % t\u011blesn\u00e9ho tuku se velmi \u010dasto zlep\u0161\u00ed i inzulinov\u00e1 senzitivita.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A ano &#8211; v\u017edy je nejlep\u0161\u00ed \u0159e\u0161it tyto stavy s l\u00e9ka\u0159em.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Z jak\u00fdch dal\u0161\u00edch studi\u00ed jsme \u010derpali?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>2007, PMID: 18025815<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>2007, PMID: 17298712<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>2006, PMID: 17023708<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>2005, PMID: 15800559<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>2005, PMID: 15767618<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>2002, PMID: 11874925<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1999, PMID: 10372237<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1996, PMID: 8561057<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A je\u0161t\u011b jeden d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd v\u00fdzkum<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>V\u00fdzkum z roku 2009 &#8211; p\u0159\u00ed\u010diny obezity v USA<\/strong><br>Studie publikovan\u00e1 v roce 2009 (Swinburn et al., American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, PMID: 19828708) analyzovala trendy obezity u d\u011bt\u00ed i dosp\u011bl\u00fdch v USA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-background\" style=\"background-color:#fff0e4\"><strong>Z\u00e1v\u011br?<\/strong><br><strong>Nadm\u011brn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edjem energie byl v\u00edce ne\u017e dosta\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed k vysv\u011btlen\u00ed n\u00e1r\u016fstu obezity.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ne jeden makro\u017eivinov\u00fd pom\u011br.<br>Ne inzulin.<br>Ale energetick\u00fd nadbytek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Diety zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 na glykemick\u00fd index<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Glykemick\u00fd index (GI) se v posledn\u00edch letech stal dal\u0161\u00edm \u201estra\u0161\u00e1kem\u201c, kter\u00fd m\u00e1 \u00fadajn\u011b d\u011blit potraviny na dobr\u00e9 a \u0161patn\u00e9. Realita je v\u0161ak podstatn\u011b st\u0159\u00edzliv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Kontrolovan\u00e9 v\u00fdzkumy ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee mezi dietami s n\u00edzk\u00fdm a vysok\u00fdm glykemick\u00fdm indexem nen\u00ed u zdrav\u00fdch lid\u00ed bu\u010f \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd, nebo jen minim\u00e1ln\u00ed rozd\u00edl<\/strong>, zejm\u00e9na pokud jde o hubnut\u00ed a celkov\u00e9 metabolick\u00e9 zdrav\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Glykemick\u00fd index toti\u017e ne\u0159\u00edk\u00e1, zda je potravina jako celek \u201ezdrav\u00e1\u201c nebo \u201enezdrav\u00e1\u201c. \u0158\u00edk\u00e1 pouze, <strong>jak rychle dan\u00e1 potravina zv\u00fd\u0161\u00ed hladinu gluk\u00f3zy v krvi.<\/strong> Je to n\u00e1stroj. Ne mor\u00e1ln\u00ed kompas v\u00fd\u017eivy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u00fdsledky kvalitn\u00edch studi\u00ed v oblasti GI a glykemick\u00e9 n\u00e1lo\u017ee (GL) jsou pom\u011brn\u011b nejednozna\u010dn\u00e9. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee GI nen\u00ed univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed parametr, podle kter\u00e9ho by se m\u011bli \u0159\u00eddit v\u0161ichni \u2013 zejm\u00e9na ne zdrav\u00ed lid\u00e9 bez metabolick\u00fdch poruch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>N\u011bkter\u00e9 v\u00fdzkumy ukazuj\u00ed zlep\u0161en\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00fdch parametr\u016f u pacient\u016f s diabetem nebo inzulinovou rezistenc\u00ed. V t\u011bchto p\u0159\u00edpadech m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed GI nebo GL praktick\u00fd v\u00fdznam.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b existuj\u00ed studie, kter\u00e9 prok\u00e1zaly, \u017ee u lid\u00ed s nadv\u00e1hou a obezitou nep\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed dieta s n\u00edzk\u00fdm GI lep\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdsledky v hubnut\u00ed ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s jin\u00fdmi dietami<\/strong> &#8211; pokud je kalorick\u00fd p\u0159\u00edjem stejn\u00fd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>P\u0159ehledy z roku 2017 nav\u00edc uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed, \u017ee neexistuj\u00ed dostate\u010dn\u00e9 d\u016fkazy o tom, \u017ee by diety s n\u00edzk\u00fdm GI v\u00fdznamn\u011b sni\u017eovaly riziko kardiovaskul\u00e1rn\u00edch onemocn\u011bn\u00ed nebo m\u011bly jednozna\u010dn\u011b p\u0159\u00edzniv\u00fd vliv na lipidy v krvi \u010di krevn\u00ed tlak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>U pacient\u016f s diabetem 2. typu se v\u0161ak pozorovaly lep\u0161\u00ed hodnoty gluk\u00f3zy nala\u010dno p\u0159i dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00edzko-GI nebo n\u00edzko-GL stravy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u201eAle sacharidy se p\u0159ece m\u011bn\u00ed na tuk\u201c &#8211; tedy lipogeneze<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Tato v\u011bta pat\u0159\u00ed mezi nejv\u00edce p\u0159ekrucovan\u00e9 v\u00fdroky ve v\u00fd\u017eiv\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ano, existuje proces naz\u00fdvan\u00fd de novo lipogeneze = tedy tvorba tuku z netukov\u00fdch zdroj\u016f. Teoreticky m\u016f\u017ee t\u011blo p\u0159em\u011b\u0148ovat gluk\u00f3zu na mastn\u00e9 kyseliny, kter\u00e9 se n\u00e1sledn\u011b ukl\u00e1daj\u00ed jako tuk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Jen\u017ee realita je podstatn\u011b m\u00e9n\u011b senza\u010dn\u00ed a mnohem logi\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-background\" style=\"background-color:#fff0e4\"><strong>Ukl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed tuku prob\u00edh\u00e1 nejefektivn\u011bji p\u0159\u00edmo z p\u0159ijat\u00fdch tuk\u016f. P\u0159em\u011bna sacharid\u016f na tuk je pro t\u011blo metabolicky n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fd a neefektivn\u00ed proces. Organismus toti\u017e p\u0159ednostn\u011b vyu\u017eije sacharidy jako okam\u017eit\u00fd zdroj energie nebo je ulo\u017e\u00ed ve form\u011b glykogenu v j\u00e1trech a svalech.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sacharidy zvy\u0161uj\u00ed inzulin, stejn\u011b jako b\u00edlkoviny a do ur\u010dit\u00e9 m\u00edry i tuky. Inzulin v\u0161ak s\u00e1m o sob\u011b \u201enevyr\u00e1b\u00ed tuk ze vzduchu\u201c. Ukl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed tuku je d\u016fsledkem nadbytku energie, nikoli samotn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edtomnosti sacharid\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Z toho vypl\u00fdvaj\u00ed dv\u011b logick\u00e9 v\u011bci:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Sacharidy se ve vysok\u00e9 m\u00ed\u0159e nem\u011bn\u00ed na tuk \u201ejen tak\u201c. Pro t\u011blo je to neefektivn\u00ed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pokud by neexistoval dlouhodob\u00fd kalorick\u00fd nadbytek \u2013 z jak\u00e9hokoli zdroje &#8211; tukov\u00e9 z\u00e1soby by nerostly.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Nejde o jeden makronutrient. Jde o energetickou bilanci.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Pro koho je low carb a keto vhodn\u00e9?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-background\" style=\"background-color:#fff0e4\"><strong>Za\u010dn\u011bme rovnou:<\/strong><br><strong>pro zdrav\u00e9 lidi nejsou low carb ani keto nutn\u00e9. Ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f jsou zbyte\u010dn\u00e9 a z dlouhodob\u00e9ho hlediska mohou b\u00fdt kontraproduktivn\u00ed.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sacharidy maj\u00ed v t\u011ble d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 a nezastupiteln\u00e9 funkce. A kdy\u017e \u0159\u00edk\u00e1me \u201esacharidy\u201c, mysl\u00edme kvalitn\u00ed komplexn\u00ed zdroje: r\u00fd\u017ei, brambory, ovoce, zeleninu, obiloviny, lu\u0161t\u011bniny. Nemysl\u00edme ultra-zpracovan\u00e9 \u201eblbosti\u201c typu su\u0161enky, p\u0159epra\u017een\u00e9 m\u00fcsli v\u00fdrobky nebo chipsy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Existuj\u00ed v\u0161ak skupiny lid\u00ed, u kter\u00fdch m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt omezen\u00ed sacharid\u016f medic\u00ednsk\u00fd v\u00fdznam:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1\ufe0f\u20e3 Lid\u00e9 s diabetem 1. typu<\/strong><br>Jedn\u00e1 se o autoimunitn\u00ed onemocn\u011bn\u00ed, kde je pr\u00e1ce s p\u0159\u00edjmem sacharid\u016f sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed l\u00e9\u010dby.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2\ufe0f\u20e3 Lid\u00e9 s diagnostikovanou inzulinovou rezistenc\u00ed<\/strong><br>D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 je slovo: diagnostikovanou. Ne sebe-diagnostikovanou.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>N\u011bkter\u00e9 studie nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee lid\u00e9 s inzulinovou rezistenc\u00ed mohou na n\u00edzkosacharidov\u00e9 diet\u011b hubnout snadn\u011bji. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 v\u0161ak v\u00fdzkumy ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee to nen\u00ed univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed pravidlo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-background\" style=\"background-color:#fff0e4\"><strong>V mnoha p\u0159\u00edpadech je inzulinov\u00e1 rezistence d\u016fsledkem vy\u0161\u0161\u00edho procenta t\u011blesn\u00e9ho tuku. A \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed?<\/strong><br><br><strong>Redukce tuku.<\/strong><br><br><strong>Po sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed hmotnosti se citlivost na inzulin \u010dasto uprav\u00ed i bez extr\u00e9mn\u00edho omezov\u00e1n\u00ed sacharid\u016f.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3\ufe0f<\/strong><strong>\u20e3 N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed lid\u00e9 s nadv\u00e1hou a metabolick\u00fdm probl\u00e9mem<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ale op\u011bt &#8211; nejde o v\u0161echny. V\u011bt\u0161ina lid\u00ed s nadv\u00e1hou nepot\u0159ebuje keto ani low carb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed kalorick\u00fd deficit a dlouhodob\u011b udr\u017eiteln\u00fd re\u017eim. Rozlo\u017een\u00ed makronutrient\u016f p\u0159itom \u010dasto nehraje z\u00e1sadn\u00ed roli.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0158ada studi\u00ed potvrzuje, \u017ee rozd\u00edl mezi vyv\u00e1\u017eenou stravou a n\u00edzkosacharidovou stravou je p\u0159i hubnut\u00ed minim\u00e1ln\u00ed, pokud je energetick\u00fd p\u0159\u00edjem kontrolovan\u00fd. Po redukci t\u011blesn\u00e9ho tuku se nav\u00edc \u010dasto zlep\u0161\u00ed i inzulinov\u00e1 senzitivita.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Pro\u010d tento \u010dl\u00e1nek vznikl?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00edlem bylo shrnout fakta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nikomu nebereme pr\u00e1vo j\u00edst low carb nebo keto, pokud mu to vyhovuje. Ka\u017ed\u00fd si m\u016f\u017ee zvolit sv\u016fj styl stravov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Ale jeden d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd bod: Nenu\u0165 sv\u016fj zp\u016fsob ostatn\u00edm jen proto, \u017ee fungoval tob\u011b.<\/strong> <strong>Pro n\u011bkoho jin\u00e9ho m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt zbyte\u010dn\u011b restriktivn\u00ed, psychicky n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fd nebo metabolicky nevhodn\u00fd.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A hlavn\u011b:<br>ani keto, ani low carb t\u011b nespas\u00ed, pokud nebude\u0161 dodr\u017eovat kalorick\u00fd deficit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed probl\u00e9m? D\u00e9monizov\u00e1n\u00ed sacharid\u016f.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nejv\u00edc p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017e\u00ed pr\u00e1v\u011b to zjednodu\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201eSacharidy jsou vin\u00edk.\u201c<br>\u201eInzulin je nep\u0159\u00edtel.\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Takto v\u00fd\u017eiva nefunguje.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Je z\u00e1sadn\u00ed rozd\u00edl mezi:<br>\u2714 <strong>komplexn\u00edmi sacharidy<\/strong> (ovoce, zelenina, r\u00fd\u017ee, brambory, lu\u0161t\u011bniny, obiloviny)<br>a<br>\u274c <strong>ultra-zpracovan\u00fdmi v\u00fdrobky pln\u00fdmi soli, cukru, nasycen\u00fdch tuk\u016f a aditiv<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-background\" style=\"background-color:#fff0e4\"><strong>\u017d\u00e1dn\u00e1 kvalitn\u00ed studie nedokazuje, \u017ee sacharidy a inzulin p\u0159\u00edmo zp\u016fsobuj\u00ed nadv\u00e1hu a obezitu.<\/strong><br><strong>Stejn\u011b tak \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 studie nedokazuje, \u017ee keto nebo low carb jsou ide\u00e1ln\u00ed pro v\u0161echny.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sp\u00ed\u0161e naopak: pro zdrav\u00e9 lidi m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt dlouhodob\u00e9 extr\u00e9mn\u00ed omezov\u00e1n\u00ed sacharid\u016f zbyte\u010dn\u00fdm rizikem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>A co hubnut\u00ed?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Ano, p\u0159i low carb m\u016f\u017ee\u0161 v prvn\u00edch t\u00fddnech zhubnout o n\u011bco v\u00edce. Ale jde p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b o vodu, ne o tuk.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Z dlouhodob\u00e9ho hlediska jsou v\u00fdsledky mezi dietami velmi podobn\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I u inzulinov\u00e9 rezistence u ob\u00e9zn\u00edch lid\u00ed se \u010dasto ukazuje, \u017ee rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed je sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed t\u011blesn\u00e9ho tuku, nikoli extr\u00e9mn\u00ed pom\u011bry makro\u017eivin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u017edy je rozumn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed konzultovat zdravotn\u00ed stav s l\u00e9ka\u0159em ne\u017e se \u0159\u00eddit internetov\u00fdm trendem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Co tedy d\u00e1v\u00e1 smysl omezit?<\/strong><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-background\" style=\"background-color:#fff0e4\">Pokud u\u017e chce\u0161 n\u011bco redukovat, za\u010dni:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul style=\"background-color:#fff0e4\" class=\"wp-block-list has-background\">\n<li>rafinovan\u00fdm cukrem<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>ultra-zpracovan\u00fdmi v\u00fdrobky<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Cukr v rozumn\u00e9 m\u00ed\u0159e nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt probl\u00e9m. Ale v\u00fd\u017eivovou hodnotu (krom\u011b rychl\u00e9 energie) nep\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Co z toho plyne?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u0161echny dostupn\u00e9 d\u016fkazy sm\u011b\u0159uj\u00ed ke stejn\u00e9mu z\u00e1v\u011bru:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Stravu si vyb\u00edrej podle:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>osobn\u00edch preferenc\u00ed<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>dlouhodob\u00e9 udr\u017eitelnosti<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>zdravotn\u00edho stavu<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>kvality potravin<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Ne podle strachu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sacharidy nejsou nep\u0159\u00edtel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Nep\u0159\u00edtelem je dlouhodob\u00fd energetick\u00fd nadbytek, nekvalitn\u00ed strava a extr\u00e9mn\u00ed zjednodu\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed komplexn\u00edch t\u00e9mat.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">Zdroje:<br>https:\/\/examine.com\/topics\/insulin\/<br>https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/32238384\/ https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/29466592\/<br>https:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/journals\/lanpub\/article\/PIIS2468-2667(18)30135-X\/fulltext<br>https:\/\/examine.com\/nutrition\/does-low-carb-have-an-official-definition\/<br>https:\/\/us.humankinetics.com\/blogs\/excerpt\/the-bodys-fuel-sources?fbclid=IwAR0JY39c5x6TzF2oCookBVFRfwWSMoJkyee_SLqdgdkMJR1wW7nhhb6yAWg<br>https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/9356547\/<br>https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK22436\/<br>https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6024762\/<br>https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/releases\/2018\/08\/180828085922.htm<br>https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/31525701\/<br>https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/22935440\/<br>https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/1734671\/<br>https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/28193517\/<br>https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/28074888\/<br>https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajcn\/article\/104\/2\/324\/4564649<br>https:\/\/examine.com\/nutrition\/how-are-carbohydrates-converted-into-fat-deposits\/<br>https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/15897479\/<br>https:\/\/examine.com\/nutrition\/low-fat-vs-low-carb-for-weight-loss\/<br>https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/29562676\/<br>https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/26224300\/<br>https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/25182101\/<br>https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/19246357\/<br>https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/12761365\/<br>https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/16685046\/<br>https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/16158081\/<br>https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/17415320\/<br>https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/15616799\/<br>https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/18025815\/<br>https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/17298712\/<br>https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/17023708\/<br>https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/15800559\/<br>https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/15767618\/<br>https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/11874925\/<br>https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/10372237\/<br>https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/8561057\/<br>https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/19828708\/<br>https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/28759107\/<br>https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/22647249\/<br>https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/29635487\/<br>Conquering Fat Logic: how to overcome what we tell ourselves about diets, weight, and metabolism, Nadja Hermann<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Jsou sacharidy opravdu vin\u00edkem obezity? A je inzul\u00edn nep\u0159\u00edtel? Pod\u00edvali jsme se na kvalitn\u00ed studie a odd\u011blili fakta od marketingov\u00fdch m\u00fdt\u016f.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":488,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[17],"tags":[196,433,72,157,113,435,372],"class_list":["post-482","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-strava-a-vyziva-cs","tag-chytre-stravovani","tag-hubnuti","tag-nutrelino-cs","tag-nutricni-fakta","tag-obezita-cs","tag-zdrave-hubnuti","tag-zdrave-stravovani"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/nutrelino.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/482","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/nutrelino.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/nutrelino.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nutrelino.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nutrelino.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=482"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/nutrelino.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/482\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":483,"href":"https:\/\/nutrelino.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/482\/revisions\/483"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nutrelino.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/488"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/nutrelino.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=482"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nutrelino.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=482"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nutrelino.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=482"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}